How is the amazon governed? Networks and environmental governance in protected areas

Abstract

Many actors and local interests embedded in networks characterize environmental conservation policies in the Brazilian Amazon. This paper assumes that these networks both influence, and are influenced by (i) power relation dynamics; (ii) the position of the actors in the network; (iii) density of the network; (iv) diversity; and (v) types of interaction. These components help to assess collaboration and/or conflict resolution mechanisms in the governance process. This study conducted fieldwork in the Jau National Park, in the Rio Unini Extractive Reserve, and in the Amana Sustainable Development Reserve in order to understand the policy process and environmental governance in protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Results show that the Federal Government, NGOs, and local inhabitants are embedded in a heterogeneous network which is closed up to a moderate level or even up to a high one, revealing either a concentration of power with hierarchical cooperation or fragmented power relations with horizontal cooperation.