Crux—a new fast, flexible and decentralized consensus algorithm with high fault tolerance rate

Abstract

This paper presents Crux, a new permissionless blockchain consensus algorithm that achieves higher fault tolerance rate with more flexibility than existing blockchains such as Bitcoin, Ethereum and EOS. Crux utilize a DPoS-XPaxos pipelined algorithm to achieve effective and efficient consensus. Those who hold tokens in Crux elect 2f + 1 block producers called validators through a continuous approval voting system. The elected validators are scheduled in an order and produce blocks in turns agreed by all of the validators. XPaxos, guarantees (Formula Presented) fault tolerance rate, is added to traditional DPoS to confirm blocks. Once f+1 validators have signed a block, it is deemed irreversible. Analysis shows Crux provides higher securities, better flexibility, higher TPS (transaction per second) with little cost of centralization compared with existing blockchain consensus algorithms.