Subjective sleep quality, blood pressure, and hypertension: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Sleep quality is an important aspect of sleep, but no meta-analysis has elucidated its relationship with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. A meta-analysis was conducted in October 2016 using multiple databases, including Embase and Medline. Studies that assessed subjective sleep quality and BP or hypertension were included. Upon full-text evaluation, 29 articles from 45 041 patients were selected, of which 22 articles were included in the meta-analysis and seven were presented narratively. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of hypertension (odds ratio, 1.48; P value =.01). Poor sleepers had higher average systolic BP (mean difference = 4.37, P value =.09) and diastolic BP (mean difference = 1.25, P value =.32) than normal sleepers without statistical significance. Patients with hypertension had significantly worse sleep quality scores (mean difference = 1.51, P value