Endoscopic lung volume reduction for treatment of advanced emphysema using injectable hydrogels

Abstract

Current recommendations for the treatment of patients with irreversible airflow obstruction involve the stepwise addition of bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory medications to improve airflow through narrowed and obstructed bronchioles. While this approach effectively treats individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by reactive airway disease and mucous hypersecretion, including those with chronic bronchitis and asthma, it is less effective in individuals whose disease is primarily due to pulmonary emphysema. In this latter group, the fundamental problem is tissue destruction caused by chronic inflammation associated with prolonged exposure to toxic inhalants. This results in the loss of elastic recoil, progressive hyperinflation, and airflow limitation that is minimally responsive to bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory medications.