Qualitative Analysis of Polyphenols in Glycerol Plant Extracts Using Untargeted Metabolomics

Abstract

Glycerol is a reliable solvent for extracting polyphenols from food and waste products. There has been an increase in the application of glycerol over benchmark alcoholic solvents such as ethanol and methanol for natural product generation because of its non-toxic nature and high extraction efficiency. However, plant extracts containing a high glycerol concentration are unsuitable for mass spectrometry-based investigation utilising electrospray ionization, inhibiting the ability to analyse compounds of interest. In this investigation, a solid phase extraction protocol is outlined for removing glycerol from plant extracts containing a high concentration of glycerol and their subsequent analysis of polyphenols using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, glycerol-based extracts of Queen Garnet Plum (Prunus salicina) were investigated and compared to ethanolic extracts. Anthocyanins and flavonoids in high abundance were found in both glycerol and ethanol extracts. The polyphenol metabolome of Queen Garnet Plum was 53% polyphenol glycoside derivatives and 47% polyphenols in their aglycone forms. Furthermore, 56% of the flavonoid derivates were found to be flavonoid glycosides, and 44% were flavonoid aglycones. In addition, two flavonoid glycosides not previously found in Queen Garnet Plum were putatively identified: Quercetin-3-O-xyloside and Quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside.