Outpatient evaluation of secondary causes of resistant hypertension

Abstract

Primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, and renovascular hypertension are hypertensive syndromes often associated with resistant hypertension. Early recognition of these disorders has come as the result of better understanding of their pathophysiology. Prompt and definitive diagnosis has resulted from the availability of sensitive and accurate diagnostic tools. Finally, safe and effective pharmacotherapeutic agents and innovative surgical techniques have led to excellent and predictable clinical outcomes.