The role of clomiphene citrate in late onset male hypogonadism

Abstract

The World is getting old. Aging is associated with degenerative changes in multiple organ and systems. Yet, overall, men’s life expectancy increased from 63.2 years in the 1990s to 70.5 years in 2017, what represents an increase of 7.3 years in this period (1). Men’s life expectancy has always been lower than women's, as several biological, ethnic and sociocultural factors weighed in, but lifestyle modifications, such as decreasing smoking and alcoholism, controlling weight and adopting physical activity, has helped to minimize this difference (2). In addition to the desire to live longer, people value more and more quality of life, and among health issues that involve quality of life, we have what concerns cognition, reasoning, libido and the feeling of well- -being. These aspects are all tightly related to testosterone, which is the main male hormone, responsible for all of this and, still, for strength and muscle mass, maintenance of bone structure, penile erections, etc. Greater attention has been given to health in this group of older male patients, not least because there is a high prevalence of metabolic and psychological alterations related to aging among them (3).