A fragile watermarking scheme for modification type characterization in 2D vector maps

Abstract

As the most important geographical data, 2D vector maps have been widely used in various areas. Meanwhile, the increasingly simplified data access and manipulation methods in geographical data related applications make it important to verify data truthfulness. In this paper, we propose a fragile watermarking scheme for the content authentication of 2D vector maps. The scheme embeds (detects) two kinds of watermarks, i.e., group watermark and object watermark, into (from) each object. Based on the patterns extracted from the detection results, the scheme can not only detect and locate data modifications, but also characterize modification types. Both theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation are carried out to verify the fragility of the proposed scheme. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.