Wastewater reuse in Israel - Risk assessment

Abstract

Wastewater treatment plants in Israel treat approximately 500 million cubic meters a year. The high quality treated wastewater is used mainly for large-scale agricultural irrigation. Israel has acquired much experience in adjusting the treatment level of the wastewater treatment plants and the qualities and characteristics of the treated wastewater to land and crops. The economic advantage of utilizing the treated wastewater in agriculture substantiates the policy of assisting recycling plants and farmers, with the reuse of treated wastewater enabling the conversion of expensive freshwater. © 2007 Springer.