The propeptides of the vitamin K-dependent proteins possess different affinities for the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase

Abstract

The vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase catalyzes the modification of specific glutamates in a number of proteins required for blood coagulation and associated with bone and calcium homeostasis. All known vitamin K-dependent proteins possess a conserved eighteen-amino acid propeptide sequence that is the primary binding site for the carboxylase. We compared the relative affinities of synthetic propeptides of nine human vitamin K-dependent proteins by determining the inhibition constants (K(i)) toward a factor IX propeptide/γ-carboxyglutamic acid domain substrate. The K(i) values for six of the propeptides (factor X, matrix Gla protein, factor VII, factor IX, PRGP1, and protein S) were between 2-35 nM, with the factor X propeptide having the tightest affinity. In contrast, the inhibition constants for the propeptides of prothrombin and protein C are ~100-fold weaker than the factor X propeptide. The propeptide of bone Gla protein demonstrates severely impaired carboxylase binding with an inhibition constant of at least 200,000-fold weaker than the factor X propeptide. This study demonstrates that the affinities of the propeptides of the vitamin K- dependent proteins vary over a considerable range; this may have important physiological consequences in the levels of vitamin K-dependent proteins and the biochemical mechanism by which these substrates are modified by the carboxylase.