Performance analysis of solar and plug-in electric vehicle’s integration to the power system with automatic generation control

Abstract

Plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is one of the essential constituents of the smart grid. The loading of PEVs to the grid hinders stability, as the size and complexity increases. This work prescribed a smart grid scenario with the incorporation of renewable energy and PEVs. Here, Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is introduced to maintain the system frequency at the scheduled level through a Proportional–Integral–Derivative controller with n-filter (nPID) tuned by Jaya algorithm. Two-area interconnected system considered consists of thermal, hydro, and photo-voltaic (PV) sources with PEVs in each area. To check the system performance, dynamic loading of ±5% in either area for a duration of 80 s has been considered. To validate the efficiency of the proposed system, diverse controller schemes such as PI, PID, and nPID are deliberated. A noteworthy improvement in the response time is observed, owing to the effective tuning of the controller for upholding system stability.