Understanding ecosystem services: A shift in modern environmentalism

Abstract

Ecosystem services have rarely been discussed in the same framework with modern environmentalism. Therefore, understanding the interactions and relationship between ecosystem services and modern environmentalism was little to be known. We conducted a review of studies that aims to understand the relationship and interaction between ecosystem services and modern environmentalism to summarize research from this emerging topic and to identify the patterns for a new shift of these two concepts from different case studies. Our review found that ecosystem services and modern environmentalism can be described in the same particular framework. Therefore, this research also proposed an ecosystem services-modern environmentalism framework to help scientists in this area to have a better understanding of how these two concepts could be connected. In this paper, we also discussed and analyzed how the connection between ecosystem services and modern environmentalism in ASEAN can be the reason for numerous multi-lateral an environmental agreement such as the Paris A reement.