Intertidal triplefin fishes have a lower critical oxygen tension (P crit), higher maximal aerobic capacity, and higher tissue glycogen stores than their subtidal counterparts

Abstract

Decreased oxygen (O2) availability (hypoxia) is common in rock pools and challenges the aerobic metabolism of fishes living in these habitats. In this study, the critical O2 tension (Pcrit), a whole animal measure of the aerobic contribution to hypoxia tolerance, was compared between four New Zealand triplefin fishes including an intertidal specialist (Bellapiscis medius), an occasional intertidal inhabitant (Forsterygion lapillum) and two exclusively subtidal species (F. varium and F. malcolmi). The intertidal species had lower Pcrit values than the subtidal species indicating traits to meet resting O2 demands at lower O2 tensions. While resting O2 demand (standard metabolic rate; SMR) did not show a major difference between species, the intertidal species had higher maximal rates of O2 consumption (M˙ O 2 , max) and higher aerobic metabolic scope (MS). The high O2 extractive capacity of the intertidal species was associated with increased blood O2 carrying capacity (i.e., higher Hb concentration), in addition to higher mass-specific gill surface area and thinner gill secondary lamellae that collectively conveyed a higher capacity for O2 flux across the gills. The specialist intertidal species B. medius also had higher glycogen stores in both white muscle and brain tissues, suggesting a greater potential to generate ATP anaerobically and survive in rock pools with O2 tensions less than Pcrit. Overall, this study shows that the superior Pcrit of intertidal triplefin species is not linked to a minimisation of SMR, but is instead associated with an increased O2 extractive capacity of the cardiorespiratory system (i.e., M˙ O 2 , max, MS, Hb and gill O2 flux).