Varicella

Abstract

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the virus responsible for both varicella and herpes zoster. Varicella is the primary infection of this highly contagious virus, while herpes zoster is the result of viral reactivation. In Europe, 90 % of children get infected with VZV before 12 years of age, and around 95 % of adults are immune to VZV. Varicella is transmitted mainly by airborne droplets or less commonly by direct contact with the vesicular fluid from skin lesions. Varicella is highly contagious (80-90 % transmissibility rates between family members). After the prodromal symptoms, the skin eruption appears, with the hallmark pathognomonic sign of varicella being the clinical presentation of lesions at different stages of development at the same time, in any part of the body. Varicella in pregnant women and immunocompromised patients needs attention. The treatment varies from symptomatic to antiviral or passive immunisation, depending on the severity and on the medical history of the patient. Active immunisation with live attenuated VZV vaccine is available in several countries.