IODINE DEFICIEENCY AND ITS PROLIFERATION IN CANCER INCREASE

Abstract

Iodine is an essential element in human physiology. It's well known to play vital role in thyroid functions. However it has been updated to be the most important element with the highest percentage of demand by the human body. This is because iodine is the heaviest and richest in electrons among required elements in the animal diet. Inorganic iodides are necessary for all living vegetable and animal cells, but only the vertebrates have the thyroid gland and its iodinated hormones. In humans, the total amount of iodine is about 30-50 mg and less than 30% is present in thyroid gland and its hormones. About 60-80% of total iodine is non-hormonal as contained in its extrathyroidal tissues. Dietary iodine deficiency is associated with the development of mammary pathology and cancer. Mammary gland embryogenetically derived from primitive iodide-concentrating ectoderma, and alveolar and ductular cells of the breast specialize in uptake and secretion of iodine in milk in order to supply offsrings with this important trace-element. Breast and thyroid share an important iodide-concentrating ability and an efficient peroxidase activity, which transfers electrons from iodides to the oxygen of hydrogen peroxide, forming iodoproteins and iodolipids, and so protect the cells from peroxidative damage. Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, and differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasingly prevalent. The aim of these guidelines is to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers on published evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer.