Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in B lymphocytes and contribute to B-cell activation, antibody responses, and their maturation. TLR stimulation of mouse B cells induces class switch DNA recombination (CSR) to isotypes specified by cytokines, and also induces formation of IgM+ as well as class-switched plasma cells. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, while on its own inducing limited B-cell proliferation and no CSR, can enhance CSR driven by TLRs. Particular synergistic or antagonistic interactions among TLR pathways, BCR, and cytokine signaling can have important consequences for B-cell activation, CSR, and plasma cell formation. This chapter outlines protocols for the induction and analysis of B-cell activation and antibody production by TLRs with or without other stimuli.
CITATION STYLE
Pone, E. J. (2016). Analysis by flow cytometry of B-cell activation and antibody responses induced by toll-like receptors. In Methods in Molecular Biology (Vol. 1390, pp. 229–248). Humana Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_15
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