Bone

Abstract

Commonly applied therapies to achieve bone reconstruction or function are restricted to the transplantation of autografts and allografts, or the implantation of metal devices or ceramic-based implants. Bone grafts generally possess osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. They are, however, limited in access and availability, and harvest is associated with donor site morbidity, hemorrhage, risk of infection, insuffi cient transplant integration, and graft devitalisation. Research therefore focuses on alternative therapeutic concepts such as tissue engineering to aid bone regeneration. However, bench to bedside translations are infrequent as the process towards approval by regulatory bodies is protracted and costly. Approval requires both comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies necessitating the utilization of well-standardized large preclinical animal models, fi xation devices, surgical procedures and methods of taking measurements. Only then reliable data pools can be generated which consecutively serve as a base for further research directions. The following chapter gives insight into bone morphology and physiology, and describes the clinical background necessitating research for alternative treatments. Furthermore, basic principles of bone tissue engineering are introduced as well as key points to consider when discussing preclinical animal models. Finally, successfully translated bone regeneration concepts are summarized.