Review on Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties of Fluorinated Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese Cathode Active Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

In this Review, we report and compare non-fluorinated with fluorinated cathode active materials (CAMs) based on a nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) composition such as HE-NCM, NCM, Ni-rich, Co-rich, and Mn-rich CAMs. We evaluate the CAMs according to their fluoride concentration, the F sources used in the synthesis method, characterization techniques, and battery performance [(initial) capacity or coulombic efficiency at C-rate before/after cycles and the temperature]. In detail, we address 33 publications with “single” fluorinated NCM CAMs, including F sources such as LiF, [NH4]F, [NH4]FHF, NaF, NiF2, and F2. Furthermore, we give a short overview of 52 articles for “multiple” (anion and cation) treated NCM CAMs. For all reported articles (single and multiple treated NCM CAMs), we give the CAMs, conductive additives, and binder materials, as well their electrolyte compositions.