Nonproliferative and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common vascular complication of diabetes. Based on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study DR severity scale, eyes are broadly classified as having nonproliferative DR if they do not have intraocular neovascularization, or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) if new vessels are present. In the 1970s, it was demonstrated that laser photocoagulation could substantially reduce visual loss and blindness from advanced DR. The more recent development of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medications has provided another alternative for effective treatment of PDR. Vitreoretinal surgery can also reduce rates of vision loss in eyes with PDR. Preservation of vision for patients with diabetes can be maximized by early initiation of a careful eye care program which includes patient education, close follow-up, and efficient communication between the entire team of healthcare providers. The eye care for patients with diabetes must prioritize patient access, early detection, accurate retinopathy assessment, careful medical and ophthalmic follow-up, and timely treatment.