Structural effects on the enhancement of first-cycle Coulombic efficiency of mangrove-derived hard carbon as an anode material in sodium ion batteries

Abstract

The effects of material structure on the electrochemical performance of mangrove-derived hard carbon anodes in sodium ion batteries were closely examined. The size and distribution of micropores were controlled by adjusting the preheating step that chars green wood. The electrochemical properties of mangrove-derived hard carbon were significantly improved by optimizing the preheating conditions. Optimal performance, in terms of discharge capacity and first-cycle Coulombic efficiency, was observed following 7 days of preheating at 500 °C. We also examined the influence of ultra-micropore structure on the electrochemical properties of mangrove-derived anodes in SIBs.