Simulating cardiovascular haemodynamics by bond graph technique

Abstract

A bond graph model for simulating cardiovascular haemodynamics is proposed. The model is given by an elastance variable description of heart, head and neck circulation, pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation, abdomen circulation and extremity circulation. Also, the carotid baroreflex control mechanism for circulation is embeded. The model responds to sympathetic and vagal activity by modifying systemic peripheral resistance, heart rate and ventricular end-systolic elastance. It is able to simulate the blood pressure and blood flow wave on arbitrary segment of circulation system, subsequently, the cardiovascular parameters such as stroke volume, cardiac output and eject fraction of heart can be computed. The simulation results under physiological condition are in agreement with human physiological experimental data. By modifying the arterial compliance and balance point of barorecpter, the hypertension is simulated and the results are consistent with the pathological features. In conclusion, the model could simulate the performance the cardiovascular system validly.