Graphene-based Materials in Health and Environment

Abstract

7 Graphene-Based Smart Nanomaterials: Novel Opportunities for Biology and Neuroengineering. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the potential use of graphene-based materials in two important societal areas: medicine and the environment. It discusses how new graphene-based materials can be creatively used for biological purposes, for example as delivery vehicles for diagnostics or therapeutics, ultrasensitive sensors, smart responsive substrates for artificial-tissue design and biomarkers. Moreover, it presents new insights into their use as sorbent or photocatalytic materials for environmental decontamination in water and gas-phase desalination membranes and as sensors for contaminant monitoring, giving relevance to the current discussions on the possible toxicological effects of graphene-based materials. Medicine: Nanomedicine; 1 Potential and Challenges of Graphene in Medicine; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Graphene Nanomaterials Biocompatibility; 2 Graphene Nanoplatforms for Drug Delivery; 3 Graphene Nanoplatforms for Gene Delivery; 4 Graphene-Based Materials for Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy; 4.1 Photothermal Therapy (PTT); 4.2 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT); 5 Graphene Nanostructured Materials for Bioimaging; 6 Graphene-Based Templates for Tissue Engineering; 7 Conclusions; References; 2 Graphene-Based Materials in Biosensing, Bioimaging, and Therapeutics; Abstract. 1 Introduction2 Graphene; 2.1 Graphene Nanocomposites; 2.2 Graphene Quantum Dots; 2.3 Graphene-Wrapped Hybrids; 3 Biosensing; 4 Bioimaging; 5 Therapeutics; 6 Conclusion and Future Prospects; Acknowledgments; References; Medicine: Biosensors; 3 Hybrid Graphene Metallic Nanoparticles for Biodetection; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Detection of Graphene/Metal Hybrids Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS); 3 Graphene/Metal Hybrids as Novel Biosensors (Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic); 3.1 Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors; 3.2 Enzymatic Glucose Sensors. 3.3 Uric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, and Dopamine Sensors3.4 Biosensing Other Analytes; 4 Photoluminescent/Fluorescent Graphene/Metal Hybrids for Bioimaging; 5 Other Biodetection Applications of Graphene/Metal Hybrids; 6 Conclusion and Outlook; References; Medicine: Tissue Engineering; 4 Stem Cells Commitment on Graphene-Based Scaffolds; Abstract; 1 Tissue Engineering; 2 Stem Cells; 2.1 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs); 2.2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs); 2.3 Neural Stem Cells (NSCs); 3 Graphene and Osteogenic Differentiation; 4 Cartilage Regeneration; 5 Graphene and Myoblast Differentiation. 6 Neuronal Differentiation7 Skin Regeneration; 8 Cardiomyogenic Differentiation; 9 Discussion; References; 5 Graphene: An Emerging Carbon Nanomaterial for Bone Tissue Engineering; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Graphene and Its Derivatives for Osteogenesis; 3 Graphene and Derivatives: Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering; 4 Graphene as Implant Coating Material to Enhance Osteogenic Differentiation; 5 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; 6 Potentiality of Graphene-Based Materials for Neural Repair; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Lesions in the Central Nervous System. 3 Lesions in Peripheral Nerves4 Tissue Engineering Criteria Applied to Neural Substitutes; 5 In Vitro Studies with Graphene-Based Materials for Neural Repair; 5.1 Primary Neural Cells and Neural Cell Lines; 5.2 Stem and Progenitor Cells; 5.3 Other Types of Neural Cells; 6 In Vivo Studies with Graphene-Based Materials for Neural Repair; 7 Graphene-Based Materials for Neural Stimulation and Recording; 8 Other Uses of Graphene-Based Materials in Neural Scenarios; 9 Final Discussion and Future Perspectives; Acknowledgments; References.