Sulforaphane and Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have found associations between cruciferous vegetable consumption and reduced risk of chronic conditions, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. Sulforaphane, a molecule found in its precursor state in cruciferous and other vegetables, is the focus of much current nutritional interest. Others and we have recently reported the beneficial cardiovascular effects of sulforaphane and the possible molecular mechanisms involved. Sulforaphane improved cardiovascular complications such as vascular inflammation, hypertension, and atherosclerosis in animal models. Evidence shows that sulforaphane may exert the beneficial cardiovascular effects by acting on multiple targets such as (i) activating Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, (ii) inhibiting inflammatory pathways, and (iii) regulating lipid metabolism. However, human studies related to the vascular effects of sulforaphane and cruciferous vegetables are lacking. Hence, well-designed human trials may be needed to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of sulforaphane and cruciferous vegetables and to recommend cruciferous vegetables, to improve cardiovascular health. This chapter provides an overview of recent developments toward the understanding of cardioprotective effects of sulforaphane and the molecular mechanisms involved.