Mercury Contamination - What We Have Learned Since Minamata

Abstract

Atmospheric cycling of mercury and other pollutants has become a major concern as industrialized countries have eliminated point discharges, sometimes by relocating the industries to underdeveloped and developing countries where point sources have become problems. Such circumventions may be to no avail in the long run as pollution continues to elevate levels of methylmercury in fish in waterways that are remote from direct contamination as well as where the source can be readily identified. Much has been learned about the cycling of mercury in the environment since human disabilities and deaths at Minamata, Japan, initially drew attention to the problem of methylmercury poisoning from the consumption of contaminated seafood in the 1950s. In that instance, methylmercury produced industrially concentrated to toxic levels in fish. As this manufacturing process was not used outside Japan, concern did not become immediate in other developed nations until the 1960s when it was established that mercury was not only biomethylated by microorganisms but also biomagnified through the food chain. Point sources to the waterways may have been eliminated too late to return the levels in fish to background because of the geochemical cycling of mercury through the environment. Despite decreases in domestic, industrial and agricultural point source releases over the last two decades, large quantities from non-point sources such as fossil fuel combustion, smelters, and incinerators are still being released. Much of this mercury is transported from the atmosphere to aquatic ecosystems and stored in sediments until it is again released to the water and atmosphere.