NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging Using Indocyanine Green Provides Early Prediction of Skin Avulsion-Injury in a Porcine Model

Abstract

Purpose: Currently, skin avulsion–injury reconstruction is mainly based on subjective evaluation of traditional clinical signs. It frequently results in unnecessary tissue loss and incomplete debridement-related infection. This pilot study aimed to develop a novel near-infrared (NIR) II fluorescence imaging method to assess avulsed skin–perfusion status and thus predict its outcome early. Methods: Skin avulsion–injury models were established by avulsing 10×4 cm pedicled flaps on porcine hindlimbs. A clinically available improved NIR-Ι/II multispectral imaging system was applied for NIR imaging using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence. Continuous NIR-wavelength filters and dynamic imaging were used to investigate optimal imaging conditions and time window. NIR-Ι/II imaging was synchronously conducted for quality comparison of the two methods. Visual inspection and histological studies were used for assessing the final outcome of avulsed skin. Results: NIR-II fluorescence imaging with a 1,100 nm filter obtained satisfactory performance and reached maximum fluorescence intensity at 1 minute after ICG injection. NIR-II imaging clearly visualized the microvascular network in vascularized avulsed skin and revealed “dark areas” in nonvascularized avulsed skin in a real-time fashion. NIR-II fluorescence imaging demonstrated higher resolution than NIR-I imaging, as indicated by ae higher signal-to-background ratio (2.11) and lower full width at half maximum (6.50614). The dark area of avulsed skin on imaging finally developed to necroses that were confirmed by histology. Conclusion: NIR-II real-time fluorescence imaging clearly maps the microvascular network and shows the perfusion status of avulsed skin at higher resolution than traditional NIR-I imaging, and thus precisely predicts the outcome of avulsed skin early.