Hemorrhagic Cystitis

Abstract

Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a symptom complex that refers to bleeding caused by an irritation of the bladder mucosa that can be of insidious or rapid onset. This chapter aims to describe the categorization and grading of HC as well as the various etiologies of HC, including infectious, chemical, and radiation-induced HC. Diagnostic criteria for HC are described, with specifications for each etiology of HC. Management options for HC are discussed, ranging from intravesical instillations and other traditional surgical techniques such as cystoscopy/fulguration to novel techniques such as embolization, GAG layer replenishment, fibrin glue, and viral-specific T-cells.