Photosynthesis in drought-adapted cassava

Abstract

After 45 d of limited water supply, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) exhibited pronounced reduction in shoot growth, high leaf fall, and decreased stomatal conductance. However, the water status of the remaining leaves was unaffected. This was combined with an amplified heliotropic response and drooping which minimises radiant energy interception at mid-day, suggesting that leaves are sensitive to high irradiance (I). In well-irrigated plants, CO2-saturated oxygen evolution and net photosynthetic rate (P(N)) in air were markedly higher (5-fold) in young (expanding) leaves than in mature leaves. Water limitation did not strongly modify CO2-saturated oxygen evolution but it altered P(N) in air for both types of leaves, although differently. The mature leaves of drought-adapted plants displayed residual rate of P(N) and deteriorated photosystem 2 (PS2) photochemistry estimated from chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence measurements. In young leaves at moderate I, P(N) was depressed by only 66% in stressed plants. Moreover, the photochemical quenching of Chl a fluorescence and the quantum efficiency of PS2 photochemistry in young leaves were comparable in both control and stressed plants. In contrast at high I, P(N) was almost null and marked decreases in the two fluorescence parameters were apparent. Hence the strong heliotropic response and drooping displayed by young leaves under water limitation is an important strategy for avoiding inactivation of P(N) by high I and therefore for cassava tolerance to drought.