Risk Factors, Symptoms, Biomarkers, and Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract

Whereas the symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetes are few, there are many risk factors and biomarkers that can be used to identify individuals at high risk for development of this complication, and many of these are targets for intervention to prevent or delay the disease. This article describes the risk factors and other markers of CKD and the various stages of the disease.