Molecular signatures of cholesterol interaction with serotonin receptors

Abstract

The interaction of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with cholesterol is a hallmark of their function, organization, and structural dynamics. Several cholesterol interaction sites, such as the cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus (CRAC) and cholesterol consensus motif (CCM), have been mapped from crystallography, bioinformatics, and simulation studies. In this article, we characterize common descriptors for cholesterol interaction sites in the serotonin 1A receptor from a series of coarse-grain simulations. We have identified a novel interaction mode for cholesterol in which the cholesterol polar headgroup interacts with aromatic amino acid residues, such as tryptophan and tyrosine. The cholesterol rings interact with both aromatic residues and nonpolar residues, thereby constituting a signature aromatic interaction site. In addition, we report a similar binding mode in the crystal structures of the serotonin 2B receptor, suggesting that this binding mode could be a general feature of the serotonin receptor family. Interestingly, this signature aromatic interaction site is present along with one of the CRAC motifs in the serotonin 1A receptor. Our results represent an important step toward mapping out the diversity of cholesterol-GPCR interaction sites.