Biology and management of the threecornered alfalfa hopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae) in alfalfa, soybean, and peanut

Abstract

The threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say) (Hemiptera: Membracidae), was first described in 1831. Since its discovery, it has been observed feeding on > 20 plant species across seven plant families; preferred hosts include species in the family Fabaceae. Spissistilus festinus has been identified as a serious economic pest of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.; soybean, Glycine max L; and recently peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. Damage by S. festinus results from feeding and girdle formation on the plant stems; stem girdles inhibit the transportation of photosynthate through the phloem. Photosynthates accumulate above girdles, and the insects feed preferentially at these locations. Girdles can also reduce the structural stability of stems, resulting in significant stand loss in extreme circumstances. The timing of chemical applications for management of S. festinus is critical for successfully reducing insect populations, but information regarding S. festinus' economic impact in modern alfalfa, soybean, and peanut production systems is scarce. The following is a review of the biology, life history, distribution, pest status, and management of S. festinus on alfalfa, soybean, and peanut.