Predicting fluorescence quantum yields for molecules in solution: A critical assessment of the harmonic approximation and the choice of the lineshape function

Abstract

For the rational design of new fluorophores, reliable predictions of fluorescence quantum yields from first principles would be of great help. However, efficient computational approaches for predicting transition rates usually assume that the vibrational structure is harmonic. While the harmonic approximation has been used successfully to predict vibrationally resolved spectra and radiative rates, its reliability for non-radiative rates is much more questionable. Since non-adiabatic transitions convert large amounts of electronic energy into vibrational energy, the highly excited final vibrational states deviate greatly from harmonic oscillator eigenfunctions. We employ a time-dependent formalism to compute radiative and non-radiative rates for transitions and study the dependence on model parameters. For several coumarin dyes, we compare different adiabatic and vertical harmonic models (AS, ASF, AH, VG, VGF, and VH), in order to dissect the importance of displacements, frequency changes, and Duschinsky rotations. In addition, we analyze the effect of different broadening functions (Gaussian, Lorentzian, or Voigt). Moreover, to assess the qualitative influence of anharmonicity on the internal conversion rate, we develop a simplified anharmonic model. We address the reliability of these models considering the potential errors introduced by the harmonic approximation and the phenomenological width of the broadening function.