Long-term effect of cued fear conditioning on REM sleep microarchitecture in rats

Abstract

Study Objectives: To study long-term effects of conditioned fear on REM sleep (REMS) parameters in albino rats. Design: We have investigated disturbances in sleep architecture, including muscle twitch density as REMS phasic activity, and freezing behavior in wakefulness, upon reexposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) on Day 1 and Day 14 postconditioning. Subjects: Male Sprague-Dawley rats prepared for polysomnographic recordings. Interventions: After baseline sleep recording, the animals in the experimental group received five pairings of a 5-sec tone, co-terminating with a 1-sec, 1 mA footshock. The control rats received similar numbers of tones and shocks, but explicitly unpaired. On postconditioning days, after reexposure to tones alone, sleep and freezing behavior were recorded. Measurements and Results: Conditioned fear significantly altered REMS microarchitecture (characterized as sequential-REMS [seq- REMS: ≤3 min episode separation] and single-REMS [sin-REMS: >3 min episode separation]) on Day 14. The total amount and number of seq- REMS episodes decreased, while the total amount and number of sin- REMS episodes increased. Further, the CS induced significant increases in freezing and REMS myoclonic twitch density in the experimental group. Reexposure to the CS produced no alterations in controls. Conclusions: The results suggest that conditioned fear causes REMS alterations, including difficulty in initiating a REMS episode as indicated by the diminution in the number of seq-REMS episodes. Another finding, the increase in phasic activity, agrees with the inference from clinical investigations that retrieval of fearful memories can be associated with the long-term REMS disturbances characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder.