Molecular genetics and SSR markers as a new practice in farm animal genomic analysis for breeding and control of disease disorders

Abstract

Molecular genetics investigates the genetic makeup of individuals at the DNA level. That includes the identification and mapping of molecular genetic markers and genetic polymorphisms. Molecular genetic markers (DNA markers) are one of the most powerful means for the genomic analysis and allow the connection of hereditary traits with genomic variation. Molecular marker technology has developed rapidly over the last decade and two shapes of specific DNA based marker, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), also known as microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) prevail applications in modern genetic analysis. Genomic simple sequence repeats (SSRs, microsatellites) have been used for a variety of purposes, including gene tagging, physical mapping, genome mapping, estimation of genetic diversity, phylogenetic and conservation genetic purposes in farm animal breeding. SSR analyses are applied successfully in parentage verification and pedigree analysis, as disease markers and to locate the mutation in genetic disorders in livestock animals. The ultimate use of SSRs markers is for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL), marker assisted selection (MAS) in order to practice genomic selection and improve the farm animal health. Developments in ?omics? technologies, such as genomic selection, may help overcome several of the limitations of traditional breeding programmes and will be especially beneficial in breeding for lowly heritable disease traits that only manifest themselves following exposure to pathogens or environmental stressors in adulthood. The current paper provides a brief overview of the present - day application of microsatellites markers in animal breeding and make significant contribution to the overall farm animal health and resistance to disease.Molekularna genetika istrazuje genetski sastav pojedinaca na nivou DNK. To ukljucuje identifikaciju i mapiranje molekularnih genetskih markera i genetskih polimorfizama. Molekularni genetski markeri (DNK markeri) su jedan od najmocnijih sredstava genomske analize i pruzaju mogucnost povezivanja naslednih osobina sa genomskim varijacijama. Tehnologija molekularnih markera se brzo razvila u poslednjoj deceniji, a dva oblika markera na bazi DNK, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), takodje poznati kao mikrosateliti, i polimorfizam pojedinacnih nukleotida - Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) preovladjuju u primeni u modernoj genetskoj analizi. Genomske sekvence - ponavljanja (Simple Sequence Repeats - SSR, mikrosateliti) se koriste za razne svrhe, ukljucujuci oznacavanje gena, fizicko mapiranje, mapiranje genoma, procena geneticke raznovrsnosti, filogenetske i u svrhu geneticke konzervacije u uzgoju farmskih zivotinja. SSR analiza se uspesno primenjuju u verifikaciji roditeljstva, i analizi pedigrea, kao markeri bolesti i u pronalazenju mutacije i genetskih poremecaja kod farmskih zivotinja. Krajnja upotreba SSR markera je za mapiranje lokusa kvantitativnih osobina (QTL), selekciji pomocu markera (MAS), kako bi se u praksi primenjivala genomska selekciju i unapredjenje zdravlja farmskih zivotinja. Razvoj u tehnologijama "omics?', kao sto je genomska selekcija, moze pomoci u prevazilazenju nekoliko ogranicenja tradicionalnih odgajivackih programa a posebno ce biti korisna za oplemenjivanje i odgoj na nizu naslednost naslednih osobina bolesti koje se ispoljavaju tek nakon izlozenosti patogenima ili ekoloskim stresorima u odraslom dobu. Ovaj rad daje kratak pregled danasnje primene mikrosatelit markera u stocarstvu i daje znacajan doprinos ukupnom zdravlju zivotinja uzgajanih na farmi i otpornosti na bolesti.