The multifaceted role of plasminogen in cancer

Abstract

Fibrinolytic factors like plasminogen, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and uroki-nase plasminogen activator (uPA) dissolve clots. Though mere extracellular-matrix-degrading en-zymes, fibrinolytic factors interfere with many processes during primary cancer growth and metas-tasis. Their many receptors give them access to cellular functions that tumor cells have widely exploited to promote tumor cell survival, growth, and metastatic abilities. They give cancer cells tools to ensure their own survival by interfering with the signaling pathways involved in senescence, anoikis, and autophagy. They can also directly promote primary tumor growth and metastasis, and endow tumor cells with mechanisms to evade myelosuppression, thus acquiring drug resistance. In this review, recent studies on the role fibrinolytic factors play in metastasis and controlling cell-death-associated processes are presented, along with studies that describe how cancer cells have exploited plasminogen receptors to escape myelosuppression.