Effectiveness of Screening Using Fecal Occult Blood Testing and Colonoscopy on the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study

Abstract

Background: Few cohort studies have used multiple surveys of screening attendance to simultaneously evaluate the effectiveness of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and colonoscopy. Methods: We analyzed data of 30,381 middle-aged Japanese adults from a population-based prospective cohort study. Information on FOBT and colonoscopy was obtained from three questionnaire surveys (every 5 years). We classified the subjects into three groups: the FOBT (15,649 subjects), screening colonoscopy (2,407 subjects), and unscreened (12,325 subjects) groups. We used the unscreened group as the reference group to compare the mortality and incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). Results: During the 14-year follow-up, 64, 12, and 104 CRC deaths were identified in the FOBT, screening colonoscopy, and unscreened groups, respectively. The risk of CRC death reduced with increasing the number of FOBTs (P for trend = 0.02) and was reduced by 44% in the subjects screened twice or thrice using FOBT (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33–0.94). Significant decreases were seen for the incidence of CRC but not seen for the incidence of non-advanced CRC in the FOBT group. Concerning the screening colonoscopy, subjects screened at the start of follow-up showed a 69% reduced risk of CRC death (HR 0.31; 95% CI, 0.10–0.9996). Significant decreases were also seen for the incidence of CRC and non-advanced CRC in the subjects screened at the start of follow-up. Conclusion: FOBT, depending on the number of FOBTs, and colonoscopy, depending on recency, reduced the risk of death due to CRC and the incidence of CRC.