Efficacy of short course (<4 days) of antibiotics for treatment of acute otitis media in children: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

Objective: To determine the efficacy of a short course of antibiotics (<4 days) in comparison to a longer course (≥4 days) for the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Data sources: Electronic databases, hand search of reviews, bibliographies of books, abstracts and proceedings of international conferences. Review Methods: Randomized controlled trials of the empiric treatment of acute otitis media comparing antibiotic regimens of <4 days versus ≥4 days in children between four weeks to eighteen years of age were included. The trials were grouped by pharmacokinetic behavior of short-course antibiotics into short-acting antibiotics, parenteral ceftriaxone, and long-acting azithromycin. Results: We reviewed 35 trials, which provided 38 analytic components. Overall, there was no evidence of an increased risk of treatment failure until one month with a short-course of antibiotics (RR=1.06, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.17, P=0.298). Use of short-acting oral antibiotic in shortcourse was associated with a significantly increased risk of treatment failure (RR=2.27, 95% CI: 1.04 to 4.99). There was a slightly increased risk of treatment failure with parenteral ceftriaxone (RR=1.13, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.30). The risk of adverse effects was significantly lower with short-course regimens (RR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.70). Conclusion: There is no evidence of an increased risk of treatment failure with short course of antibiotics for acute otitis media. Among the short-course regimens, azithromycin use was associated with a lower risk of treatment failure while short-acting oral antibiotics and parenteral ceftriaxone may be associated with a higher risk of treatment failure.