Urethral Anatomy and Urethral Reconstruction in Phalloplasty and Metoidioplasty

Abstract

Current techniques of transmasculine genital surgery are based on a knowledge of urethral anatomy and physiology and advances learned through phalloplasty procedures and management of urethral complications. Although voiding in a male fashion is a priority for most transmen, early attempts at phalloplasty were limited to reconstruction of the male genital form. Surgeons were reluctant to perform urethral reconstruction due to the high rates of fistulas and strictures. As the surgeon’s understanding of the patients’ goals and expectations improved, urethral reconstruction is often a primary goal of both phalloplasty and metoidioplasty.