Endoscopic transnasal orbital decompression for Graves' ophthalmopathy, a systematic review of the literature

Abstract

With excellent visualization of the orbital apex and optic canal, the endoscopic transnasal approach is well suited for both orbital and optic nerve decompression. This operation is an advanced endoscopic technique, and should be performed only by surgeons experienced in endoscopic nasal surgery. Although the indications and expected results for orbital decompression are well established, those for optic nerve decompression continue to evolve. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.