Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations

Abstract

The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations wasfirst proposed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff in 1995 and furtherelaborated into a model for studying knowledge-based economiesby Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff (2000) and Leydesdorff (2006). Aseries of workshops, conferences, and special issues of journalshave developed under this title since 1996. In various countries,the Triple Helix concept has also been used as an operationalstrategy for regional development and to further the knowledgebasedeconomy. This short review (4000 words) provides anupdate (in January 2012) of the further elaborations of variousTriple Helix models (such as a neo-institutional versus neoevolutionaryversion). The surplus of using different models isspecified in terms of research strategies. Using Triple Helixindicators, one can evaluate to what extent an innovation system isnationally, regionally, or technologically integrated.