ACTUAL DIRECTIONS OF USING MODERN FUNCTIONALIZED MATERIALS IN RADIOECOLOGY OF WORLD OCEAN

Abstract

The current year 2021 marks the most important 125th Anniversary of the discovery of the phenomenon of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie. Today, nuclear technologies are the basis for the promotion of electric power, medicine, the use of isotope products, etc. However, the widespread operation of nuclear facilities has led to major anthropogenic changes in the environment, primarily the World Ocean, which have led to negative environmental consequences. In many ways, they were associated with the inability to assess the consequences of technical and economic decisions, as well as with the lack of competence in the field of rehabilitation of contaminated areas, including marine ones. In order to prevent possible environmental disasters, the development of new radioecological technologies on the path of transition to sustainable development of society, in 1994 the President of the Russian Federation approved Decree No. 236 “On the state strategy of the Russian Federation for environmental protection and sustainable development.” This article is devoted to solving the above problem of creating and introducing new modern technologies for radioecological remediation of contaminated water areas of radioactive and toxic chemical elements by their localization by sorption methods using developed effective, inexpensive and available, mainly natural, domestic sorption materials. Among these, the most promising, according to the authors, are functionalized nanomaterials with unique physicochemical and operational properties. The article presents the results of obtaining and studying the sorption properties of highly porous activated carbons; new modifications of carbon (carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphene); modified charcoal; detonation synthesis nanodiamonds; foamed corundum, PUM (porous carbon material), as well as highly porous natural mineral-like matrices with doped nanodispersed Fe°, Cu°, Se° in relation to the concentration and release of the most dangerous radionuclides: 137Cs; 90Sr; 99Tc; 238U; 237Np; 239Pu; 241,243Am. It is shown that the above sorption materials, possessing effective sorption and high operational characteristics, quantitatively extract long-lived radionuclides and toxic elements from complex high-salt systems with distribution coefficients 104 - 106 cm3/g.