Causes, management and morbidity of acute hypoglycaemia in adults requiring hospital admission

Abstract

In the community, acute hypoglycaemia is commonly caused by therapies for diabetes mellitus or the excessive consumption of alcohol. Although most episodes do not require admission to hospital, little information is available on the causes and outcome of those that do. We retrospectively surveyed adult patients admitted to a large urban teaching hospital with acute hypoglycaemia in a 12-month period, identifying 56 admissions of 51 patients. Forty-one had diabetes mellitus, 33 (80%) of whom were receiving treatment with insulin. The others had hypoglycaemia induced by excessive consumption of alcohol or by deliberate self-poisoning with insulin. A history of psychiatric illness and/or chronic alcoholism was common. Neurological manifestations of hypoglycaemia were the principal reason for admission, observed on 50 occasions (89%), and 11 events (20%) had precipitated convulsions. Although many patients (59%) had received treatment for hypoglycaemia before admission, hypoglycaemia recurred in 16% of patients in hospital. Four patients (7%) died following admission, but in only one case was this the direct result of hypoglycaemia. However, within 15 months of the index hypoglycaemic event, a further six patients (11%) had died, mostly of causes unrelated to hypoglycaemia. Patients who require hospital admission for treatment of hypoglycaemia have a high incidence of neurological manifestations, a high rate of mental illness and other medical disorders, and may represent a high-risk subgroup with a poor long-term prognosis.