Biosynthesis of dillapiole/apiole in dill (Anethum graveolens): characterization of regioselective phenylpropene O-methyltransferase

Abstract

The phenylpropene volatiles dillapiole and apiole impart one of the characteristic aromas of dill (Anethum graveolens) weeds. However, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the chemical composition of volatile compounds from different developmental stages and plant parts of A. graveolens. In this study, we examined the distribution of volatile phenylpropenes, including dillapiole, in dill plants at various developmental stages. We observed that young dill seedlings accumulate high levels of dillapiole and apiole, whereas a negligible proportion was found in the flowering plants and dry seeds. Based on transcriptomics and co-expression approaches with phenylpropene biosynthesis genes, we identified dill cDNA encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent O-methyltransferase 1 (AgOMT1), an enzyme that can convert 6- and 2-hydroxymyristicin to dillapiole and apiole, respectively, via the methylation of the ortho-hydroxy group. The AgOMT1 protein shows an apparent Km value of 3.5 μm for 6-hydroxymyristicin and is 75% identical to the anise (Pimpinella anisum) O-methyltransferase (PaAIMT1) that can convert isoeugenol to methylisoeugenol via methylation of the hydroxy group at the para-position of the benzene ring. AgOMT1 showed a preference for 6-hydroxymyristicin, whereas PaAIMT1 displayed a large preference for isoeugenol. In vitro mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that substituting only a few residues can substantially affect the substrate specificity of these enzymes. Other plants belonging to the Apiaceae family contained homologous O-methyltransferase (OMT) proteins highly similar to AgOMT1, converting 6-hydroxymyristicin to dillapiole. Our results indicate that apiaceous phenylpropene OMTs with ortho-methylating activity evolved independently of phenylpropene OMTs of other plants and the enzymatic function of AgOMT1 and PaAIMT1 diverged recently.