O3-Type Cathodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Over recent decades, rapid advancements in energy technology have transformed human life. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have played a pivotal role nevertheless concerns about limited lithium resources and price fluctuations underscore the need for sustainability. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), operating on principles akin to LIBs, have emerged as promising candidates for rechargeable batteries in the next generation of energy storage systems, primarily due to their cost-effectiveness and sustainable attributes. Analogous to LIBs, the cathode in SIBs assumes a critical role in dictating the electrochemical performance of the battery. Therefore, the research and development of cathode materials for SIBs take on paramount significance. O3-type SIB cathodes, inspired by the successful O3-type LIB cathodes (e. g., LiCoO2 and NMC variants), hold promise for commercial applications. This comprehensive overview offers an in-depth exploration of various unary-metal oxide cathode materials characterized by an O3-layered structure. Subsequently, nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and Ni/Mn-based O3 cathode materials are conducted a comprehensive study, assessing the effects of element substitution and doping on capacity, phase transitions, and cycle life. In light of the current challenges, advancing SIB cathode materials of future directions will propose, addressing key considerations in the pursuit of enhanced performance and sustainable energy storage solutions.