Growth and Shrinkage of an Active Continental Margin: Updated Geotectonic History of the Japanese Islands

Abstract

The ca. 700 million year-long geotectonic history of the Japanese Islands comprises three distinct intervals; i.e., （1） the age of a passive continental margin off the South China continental margin （ca. 700-520 Ma） , （2） the age of an active margin characterized by an arc-trench system （ca. 520-20 Ma） , and （3） the age of an island arc off East Asia （20 Ma to the present）. These three intervals are chronologically separated by two major boundaries with significant tectonic episodes; i.e., the ca. 520 Ma tectonic inversion from a passive to an active margin by the initiation of subduction from the Pacific side, and the ca. 20 Ma tectonic isolation of the modern island arc system from the Asian margin by the back-arc basin （Japan Sea） opening. Here, the evolutionary history of the Japanese Islands is revised significantly on the basis of new lines of information that derived from a new dating technique of detrital zircon in sandstone. Particularly noteworthy is the recognition of the Early Paleozoic to Middle Mesozoic arc batholiths that were exposed extensively in the past but not at all at present because the pre-Cretaceous gran-ites merely occur as kilometer-size blocks in the modern Japanese Islands. As to these older granites, the remarkable disagreement between the current distribution and the predominance of their clastic grains in younger sandstones suggests the effectiveness of past tectonic erosion processes in the fore-arc domains. The newly documented historical change in sandstone prove-nance suggests that proto-Japan has experienced not only accretionary growth but also large-scale tectonic erosion in multiple stages. During the ca. 500 million-year history of the Japanese Islands, a large amount of juvenile arc （continental） crust was formed several times, however, most has already disappeared from the Earth's surface. In short, the orogenic growth of Japan, even in a long-lasting active continental margin setting, is explained as the intermittent repetition of ocean-ward continental growth and continent-ward contraction of an active arc-trench system. In contrast to these arc batholiths, the terrigenous flux from the neighboring two major con-＊ 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科広域システム科学系宇宙地球科学教室 ＊＊ 東京工業大学大学院理工学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 ＊＊＊ 株式会社ジオコミュニケーションズ