Recognition of α2-Macroglobulin by the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein Requires the Cooperation of Two Ligand Binding Cluster Regions

Abstract

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a scavenger receptor that binds several ligands including the activated form of the pan-proteinase inhibitor α2-macroglobulin (α 2M*) and amyloid precursor protein, two ligands genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease. To delineate the contribution of LRP to this disease, it will be necessary to identify the sites on this receptor which are responsible for recognizing these and other ligands to assist in the development of specific inhibitors. Structurally, LRP contains four clusters of cysteine-rich repeats, yet studies thus far suggest that only two of these clusters (clusters II and IV) bind ligands. Identifying binding sites within LRP for certain ligands, such as α2M*, has proven to be difficult. To accomplish this, we mapped the binding site on LRP for two inhibitors of α2M* uptake, monoclonal antibody 8G1 and an amino-terminal fragment of receptor-associated protein (RAP D1D2). Surprisingly, the inhibitors recognized different clusters of ligand binding repeats: 8G1 bound to repeats within cluster I, whereas the RAP fragment bound to repeats within cluster II. A recombinant LRP mini-receptor containing the repeats from cluster I along with three ligand binding repeats from cluster II was effective in mediating the internalization of 125I-labeled α2M*. Together, these studies indicate that ligand binding repeats from both cluster I and II cooperate to generate a high affinity binding site for α2M*, and they suggest a strategy for developing specific inhibitors to block α2 M* binding to LRP by identifying molecules capable of binding repeats in cluster I.