Hybrid sonochemical treatment of contaminated wastewater: Sonophotochemical and sonoelectrochemical approaches. Part I: Description of the techniques

Abstract

Sonochemical oxidation is one of the advanced oxidation techniques that are widely used to decompose various organic contaminants in aqueous environment. Recent studies have suggested that the use of hybrid techniques is more effective compared to individual techniques for the decomposition of organic contaminants. The combination of more than one oxidation technique overcomes the disadvantages of individual techniques. This chapter deals with the instrumentation aspects of sonochemistry on its own and its combination with photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Various experimental parameters such as ultrasound frequency, power, lab-scale and large-scale equipment used for the sonochemical oxidation of organic contaminants have been analyzed using several examples available in the literature.