Perioperative Artificial Enteral Nutrition in Malnourished Esophageal and Stomach Cancer Patients and Its Impact on Postoperative Complications

Abstract

Cancer is responsible for approximately 13% of all causes of death worldwide, and 20% of cancer patients die because of malnutrition and its complications. Malnutrition is common in cancer of stomach and esophagus. Although it is widely accepted that malnutrition adversely affects the postoperative outcome of patients, there is little evidence that perioperative nutrition support can reduce surgical risk in malnourished cancer patients. This prospective study was carried out from December 2016 to July 2017 at the Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru. After stratified for age, sex, and tumor localization, patients were selected non-randomly and assigned to study (n = 30, 14 women, 16 men) and control group (n = 30, 14 women, 16 men) as alternate patients. Within 48 h of admission, patients underwent nutritional assessment by the subjective global assessment. Perioperative nutrition was administered in the study group by enteral route only. Patients had a functioning gastrointestinal tract, and they received enteral nutrition (EN). Target intake of non-protein (25 kcal/kg per day) and protein (0.25 g nitrogen/kg per day) was provided using available enteral formulas. This was supplementary to standard hospital diet. Nutritional re-assessment after 15 days of intervention showed significant change in nutritional status, which was measured as gain in weight for each patient. There were significant differences in the mortality and complications between the two groups. The total length of hospitalization and postoperative stay of the control patients were significantly longer than those of the study patients. In conclusion, perioperative nutrition support can decrease the incidence of postoperative complications in moderately and severely malnourished gastric and esophageal cancer patients. In addition, it is effective in reducing mortality. Enteral nutrition support alone can be used in the management of malnourished patients undergoing gastric and esophageal surgery.