Nondestructive Defect Detection in Battery Pouch Cells: A Comparative Study of Scanning Acoustic Microscopy and X-Ray Computed Tomography

Abstract

The identification and location of critical defects inside battery cells before the performance decreases or safety issues arise remain a challenge. This study compares two nondestructive testing methods for the 3D visualization of defects at different depths inside a pouch battery cell: scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) and X-ray computed tomography (CT). A manufactured pouch cell with eight electrode sheets is used for this investigation. SAM using a 15 MHz transducer in reflection mode can detect defects at depths of up to four electrode sheets with a lateral resolution of 150 μm in 2 min. CT can locate defects on all eight stacked electrode sheets inside the pouch cell. The CT measurements take about 12.5 h. Both methods can complement each other in detecting defects inside thin pouch cells as an end-of-line test after the production or for qualifying individual battery cells for second-life applications. As an in-line quality check, SAM has proven to be a cost-effective and efficient method for detecting defects such as misalignment on stacked electrodes. Both methods have the potential to expand the portfolio of nondestructive quality assurance tests in the production of lithium-ion battery cells. This contributes to increasing the safety and productivity of battery technology.