Congenital breast syndromes: History, etiology, and treatment

Abstract

There are many congenital breast syndromes of amastia, athelia, amazia, and hypoplasia that have appeared in the literature. Some of them are common enough for many plastic and cosmetic surgeons to have encountered. There are others that are rare and not often seen in practice. Those surgeons dealing with aesthetic breast problems should be aware of these syndromes, their differences, and methods of management.Ectodermal dysplasia, Poland syndrome, Poland–Mobius syndrome, progeria syndrome, scalp–ear–nipple syndrome, and Al-Awadi/Raas–Rothschild (AARR) syndrome are discussed especially associated with amastia, amazia, athelia, and hypoplasia of the breast.