Other Orchideae

Abstract

Outcrossing in Piperia is promoted by pollinator behavior and protandry. Autogamy and agamospermy are absent. Crepuscular or nocturnal moths are principal pollinators. Galearis spectabilis is pollinated by bumblebee queens, with pollinaria attaching to the medial frons area below the ocelli. Pseudorchis albida variety stramenia is routinely autogamous in the far north. The brightly colored flowers of Dactylorhiza are nectarless and may attract pollinators by deceit. A wide variety of insect pollinators are recorded for Coeloglossum, with the pollinaria attaching to the head. Studies on Dactylorhiza and Gymnadenia demonstrate pollinator-mediated selection. Floral morphology suggests that Habenaria quinquiseta is pollinated by sphingid moths and H. repens by smaller, short-tongued moths.